We are so nervous about infinity, I just put it outside the box: https://81018.com/csh/. It works for me. So the challenge then becomes to define the box. That first link is my attempt: https://81018.com/reformat/ Of course there’s a story behind it all and there are 1800+ pages within that website that describe it!
Interesting? Thanks.
Warmly,
Bruce
PS. Do you know the work of Christof Wetterich there at the university? I visited the school on several occasions long, long ago! Do you happen to know the story of Georg Picht who was on the philosopher-ethics faculty and was visited by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker who with a few others in the world understood the nature of a chain reaction that could lead the way to the development of the first nuclear bomb. Picht and von Weizsäcker discussed it for awhile and Picht told him to sit on the information. That story was relayed to me by von Weizsäcker’s on one of his visits to MIT in Cambridge. -BEC
Abstract There is no consensus about what happens in the very first seconds of the universe.[*] Also, there is no discussion and no consensus that base-2 is the de facto exponential expansion of the universe. If we apply base-2 to Planck Time (take it as a given to be the first moment of time), there are 143 notations to the first second.[†] There are just 59 more base-2 notations[a] to the current time. This scale introduces physics at the shortest length-and-time and uses base-2 exponentiation to go to the physics at the largest length-and-time. Few people are aware of those 143 notations to the first second and all 202 notations[b] from the first moment of time to the current time. With so many notations to that first second, there is freedom to reconstruct the big bang in detail. We have the advantage of current satellite data (like JWST) and the most recent accelerator data (like CERN) to create a working picture of the Big Bang.
Introduction. Big bang cosmology first emerged in 1927. It became the generally-accepted theory for the start of the universe in the 1980s. Until 2022, there had never been such disruptive images and data as that coming from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Reinforcing the results of our earlier space telescopes (and the ongoing analyses of that data), there is a growing consensus that the universe started smoothly.[1]
With each new observation about the earliest universe, with 202 notations, there is a possibility that small adjustments to this emergent model can be made.
At the height of those discussions between the Steady State and Big Bang scholar-scientists, some began to suggest that there was a physics beyond the standard model.[2] Too many fundamental physical phenomena in nature were not included and there were too many conflicting experimental results. A possible crescendo of problems, after over forty years of research to find a path to solutions, was in July 2022 with the JWST newly-observed galaxies within 300 million years of the start.[3]
Our focus is on nine disciplines, primarily within mathematical physics and not on the grid. All open different explorations. Each study has a special logic that could add dimensionality and substance to our understanding of this infinitesimal domain, Notations 1-64.[4]
One of the reasons there is so little discussion about these first moments of the universe, there is so little time. The time durations are shorter than our abilities to measure them. It begs the question, “What possibly can be meaningfully done in one trillionth of a trillionth of a second?” That’s Notation-64. Within this model each notation uniquely defines units of time.[5]
The very first explorations of these 64 notations or steps, particularly the 18 prime number notations, began in 2011 within a high school geometry class. Because each notation is always active, we’ve had to rethink the very nature of time. It’s anticipated to be among the keys to solve long-standing problems.
2. Materials & Methods. Materials include the Planck base units and spheres. The methods include the extensive use of pi (π) and the mathematics of base-2 exponential notation. Stoney or ISO base units could have been used; the Planck units are well known and studied.[6]
3. Results. There are 202 base-2 notations from the Planck base units, all natural units, whereby Planck Time is considered the first moment of time and the historic chronon.[7] The 202 notations are used to create a chart, seemingly the first mathematical expansion of the universe based on Planck units. The first second of the universe is defined from Notation-1 to Notation-143. The first minute of the universe is within Notation-150. The first 300 million years is between Notation-196 and 197. The current notation, 202, is 10.98+ billion years in duration.
A most pivotal question is asked, “What could manifest at the first notation?”
The sphere is the most simple three-dimensional object (or thing) in the universe. It is hypothesized that the Planck base units manifest as a sphere, an infinitesimal sphere, and that there is one infinitesimal sphere per unit of Planck Time.
Within each notation there is a figure for the total mass of the universe, a multiple of Planck Mass, and the total charge of the universe, a multiple of Planck Charge. There is also a number for the total number of spheres (or vertices).[8]
These are all very simple yet unique calculations.
4. Conclusions and Discussion. To grasp this emergent format for big bang cosmology, this project has begun a discussion of the nature of sound within that first second. Although there is no one to hear it, we are in search of a working description of the big bang based on current data. Key questions include: Within which notation would sound be created? How big would it be? Could it be characterized as a bang? Over how many notations would it be? Is it possible that there was never a bang?
Thrust. Out of the 202 base-2 notations, the first 64 steps, are just up to a trillionth of a trillionth of a second (yoctosecond). There is within the doubling of Planck Charge a built-in thrust. The densities are on the order of a neutron star. And, the role and place of light is still in the earliest stages of exploration.
Sphere(s). Spheres can be counted and assigned quantitative values. The sphere also instantiates the qualitative initially defined by three most basic facts-features-functions of pi (π): 1. Continuity-numbers-order are given by her endless equation. 2. Symmetry-shape-relations are given within the perfections of circles and spheres. 3. Harmony-spacetime-dynamics are Fourier’s transform, periodicity and spin states.[9]
Eventually there will be a discussion about renaming the Big Bang. Keeping with the spirit of the past, it might be called “The Big Sound.” Or, it could reflect the fact that this domain is out of reach but fundamental. “Hypostatics” captures that energy. This renaming is not trivial.
Also, because the epochs become processes, the result is a dynamic model that redefines space, time and infinity with a smooth start and immediate start of star formation. With its deep-seated continuity, this base-2 progression also reinforces the spirit of the Lambda CDM, the Standard Model for Cosmology, and the Standard Model for Particle Physics. And, it provides a platform to address the unaccounted fundamental physical phenomena in nature and the arrays of conflicting experimental results.
Current data from our most powerful accelerators (instrumentation) like CERN and from those measuring time sequences like the Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, are limited; both can only reach down to about Notation-64. We turn to those disciplines with well-developed logic and mathematics but are not on a grid. To date, one can readily imagine that their scholars and scientists had assumed that the grid started in and around Notation 65.
These are the thought leaders of our time. Just looking over these 35 scholars, it pains me to realize that in so many cases, Max Planck’s dictum is true.
There are so many most speculative efforts by scholars and scientists, all remarkably creative and talented thinkers among our world’s people. These are the earliest stages of exploring those first 64 notations. Although the nine studies cited above will occupy many of the 64 notations, there is room for many others.
New sciences will emerge. Sphere stacking-and-packing create tetrahedrons and octahedrons, basic building blocks of geometry and the universe which, of course, finally manifest as all of our particles and waves.[13]
Among the new sciences will be the geometries of gaps. Five tetrahedrons sharing an edge create a gap of 7.3561+ degrees. We then learned about dodecahedral and icosahedral gaps. In our studies, it seems that we uncovered the octahedral gap. We asked the experts, “Could these gaps be related to quantum fluctuations?” There was no response. Too obvious, we just assumed that quantum fluctuations are the result of gap geometry. Nobody has told us otherwise. Given current measurements by CERN, we know that fluctuations are within Notations 65-67. It appears that the first geometric gaps were observed in the 15th century; and finally, these gaps are increasingly well-documented.[14]
Back in 1986, one of our most adventurous physicists, John Wheeler, said,
“Behind it all is surely an idea so simple, so beautiful, so compelling, that when — in a decade, a century, a millennium – we grasp it, we will all say to each other, “How could it be otherwise?”
Perhaps John Wheeler was intuiting base-2 notation from the first moment of time until now. I actually think he was. Thank you. -BEC
###
P.S. If you can see where I have failed, especially with the logic, geometry, and mathematics, and my knowledge of pi, spheres, dimensionless constants and natural units, please let me know! I.have no reputation to defend. I’ll apologize and I will profusely thank you for helping me to focus on one of my blind spots. Thanks again. -Bruce
Author Contributions. Bruce E. Camber is currently the sole author of this article. He readily acknowledges that it is a reformat of big bang cosmology so he will always make himself available for corrections and discussions.
Acknowledgments In 2011 Steve Curtis and Cathy Boucvalt were fellow teachers and very helpful and supportive; and, a student, Bryce Estes, was an inspiration especially with his Science Fair project, Walk the Planck. Freeman Dyson introduced me to dimensional analysis and offered constructive criticisms and became a guiding light. Frank Wilczek at MIT encouraged our studies of the Planck base units and was an uplifting spirit.
Conflicts of Interest. There have been no known conflicts of interest.
“George Efstathiou was a team leader for the ESA Planck space observatory explorations from 2009 to 2013, and he was one of the first to raise questions about our understanding of inflation. They were unable to discern within all the data a signature for gravitational waves triggered by inflation. It would be imprinted on the polarisation of the CMB. The results instead suggest there may be new physics to be discovered in the ESA Planck data (M. Peplow, Planck telescope peers into primordial Universe, Nature (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2013.12658
Endnotes / Footnotes Background: When writing a new homepage, links are inserted within the content of the body. When somewhat complete, references (once called the footnotes), endnotes and resources are added and all external links and many internal links are deleted. Your comments and advice are always appreciated
Our first chart emerged on December 19, 2011 inside a high school geometry class. We thought it was the best possible STEM tool. We asked, “How could anything be more comprehensive and easy, too?” We were sure we would find it someplace on the web. When we could only find Kees Boeke’s 1957 base-10 work, we were a bit puzzled. By the time we did our horizontally-scrolled chart of 202 notations, we had learned enough cosmology to begin believing that it was a more simple approach to all the data trying to be handle by our current understanding of the big bang theory.
We will also begin to grasp the very first yoctosecond (Notation-64) as we each begin to fine-tune our bandwidth to a trillionth of a trillionth of a second. There at the thresholds of possible measurement is a more perfect part of our universe, very real foundations of our universe, even things currently in the dark!
Controlled nuclear fusion: Retrieved 3 February 2024, https://81018.com/star-formation/ That our scientific enterprises are unaware of these notations compromise all fusion research.
We have started a petition to our major learned societies — https://81018.com/petition/ — within every nation that has one: Challenge your people!
To encourage this entire process, we kindly ask you to be involved. Please consider helping us along the way by signing our petition about it all. https://www.change.org/KnowYourUniverse
Editor’s note: Theoretical physics has been hampered with the on-going belief that big bang cosmology is a good foundation upon which to build the Standard Model for Particle Physics (small scale) that opens to the Standard Model for Cosmology. It is not. A base-2 formulation from the Planck base units is a better model. It needs to be studied. -BEC
5 February 2014: @BILD Insight & wisdom cannot be built on half-truths: https://81018.com/biased/ When our sciences falter, we all falter. Religion and science need the continuity-symmetry-harmony of deep science: https://81018.com/csh/ Mistakes by Aristotle-Newton-Hawking hurt us. Best wishes, BEC
Some didn’t like the lack of formatting in that article on Feb 7 (I sent the link on Feb 11). Very similar, but with a positive attitude and a more classic format: https://81018.com/reformat/. Thanks. –BEC
Second email: 11 February 2024
Dear Prof. Dr. Hannah Fry:
Is pi finite or infinite? If the first manifestations of the Planck base units are infinitesimal spheres many orders of magnitude smaller than a neutrino, it imparts qualities of continuity-symmetry -harmony within everything, everywhere, throughout all time. Its continuity equation never stops defining numbers and time, the perfect spheres define symmetries and space, and the fine-tuning of Fourier’s harmonic functions define dynamics (periodicity and spin states) and spacetime. Summaries: https://81018.com/csh/ - https://81018.com/bbc/#Summaryhttps://81018.com/start-2/
It’s a radically different start, but it is the defacto exponential notation (base-2) of the Standard Models and LambdaCDM. …your comments? Thank you.
Most sincerely,
Bruce
PS. My record of this email and the prior are here: https://81018.com/fry/ Thanks again. -BEC
First email: Fri 2021-03-19 3:11 PM. (updated)
Dear Prof. Dr. Hannah Fry:
You’ve become my professor today. First, thank you for bringing such joy and liveliness into our academic enterprise.
Idiosyncratic? Yes. But, if we are to break the logjams, a little idiot’s sin just might be Socratic.
Best wishes,
Bruce
PS.There are several groups that offer prizes to solve mathematical puzzles. The Clay Institute of Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Millennium Prize of California, Wikipedia of New York City, and and the Wolfram-Mathematica of Chicago. I think these two charts of mathematics problems should be posted at the front doors of every classroom. Students should become familiar with them in high school and begin wrestling with them throughout college and graduate school.
Preface: We need more leaders with clarity of thought. The world needs to break free of limited worldviews and begin to adopt an integrated universe view — https://81018.com/bbc/ — which is values laden, yet based on three facts originating from pi(π).
Back in February 2018, you reviewed Olzan Goldstein’s work for Taylor and Francis. I thank you for lifting up her work (email below) because it opened the way to see your work on the Chain Reaction project; it is of great interest. The universe is one glorious chain reaction.
Now, there is quite a remarkable story about our understanding of the very first insights on how chain reactions are possible that I heard from Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker on his visit to MIT one lovely day in 1979. In Germany during the Third Reich, he was part of a small group who were among a handful in the world who understood that data but they decided to sit on it.
As an introduction, I have included my note to Olzan while I continue studying the depth and breadth of your work. Suffice to say, I am a Bevins fan. Thank you.
Warm regards,
Bruce
PS. This page had been started back in February 2018. It was as a result of a report on television by a Bevins but with no further information. From one Bevins to another! BTW, there is a Major James Bevins who works on radiation detection within nuclear engineering. His work may be related to the LLNL-NIF. -BEC
From: camber 81018.com Sent: Sunday, February 11, 2024 6:58 AM To:Olzan Goldstein Subject: A project-based learning approach to teaching physics for pre-service elementary school teacher education students
Thank you for your work as cited in the subject line. So many things have changed in eight years, I can only hope this note to you is received.
From reading your article, I thought that you might enjoy learning about similar work in the USA.
We started our STEM tool in a high school geometry class – https://81018.com/home/ — and it has become a tool for lifelong learning. After about a year within the high school, we tried it out with the AP 6th grade science students. They were thrilled: https://81018.com/stem/
In 1967 and 1968 I did some research in a Montessori school on creativity. Then, in 1970 I did some work with teachers of mathematics in Lincoln and Melrose Public Schools in Massachusetts. At that time, I had not seen how tetrahedrons and octahedrons can encapsulate each other by dividing the edges by two. Unless a Buckminster Fuller fan, most teachers do not know what is perfectly enclosed within these two most-basic structures.
Defining a PBL: For students in elementary school today, I would have each student take a measurement of themselves, “How might you measure something about yourself?” Height, weight, location… what else?” Heart rate? Blood pressure? GPS quadrants. Whatever the measurement is, we would then have them divide it in half or multiply it by 2, then continue doing that exercise 112 times smaller and just 90 times larger.
We are currently in the process of checking out a hunch. It seems no matter what the measurement is, you can only divide it by 2 no more than 112 times. You can multiply it by 2 just 90 times before the numbers become meaningless, i.e. too small or too large to be manifest within space-time.
From some measurement of themselves to the universe is a great start to teaching basic physics in a most personal context.
I thought you’d enjoy learning about our work. I certainly enjoyed learning about your work. Thank you.
Big Bang Cosmology (bbc) has problems. First, there is no consensus about what happens in the very first seconds of the universe. Also, there is no discussion and no consensus that base-2 is the de facto exponential expansion of the universe. Yet, if we apply base-2 to Planck Time (take it as a given to be the first moment of time), there are 143 notations to the first second.[1] From that first second to the current time are just 59 more base-2 notations.[a] This scale introduces physics at the shortest length-and-time and uses base-2 exponentiation to go to the physics at the largest length-and-time. Few scholars are aware of those 143 notations to the first second and all 202 notations to the current time. And, that simple logic is not part of any peer-reviewed analysis of the bbc.
There are more shortcomings.
With a growing number of images with extraordinary clarity coming every day from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), it appears that the universe starts smoothly. In spite of all the work on inflation and the inflaton by Alan Guth and others,[b] questions are raised. Our earlier space telescopes had observed the same smoothness and some of our finest scholars and scientists started calling for a new physics [c] to address the issue.[2] Also, the defenders continue to be challenged with images of well-developed galaxies within 300 million years of the start.[3]
If Stephen Hawking were alive today, just based on those JWST images, I believe he would be leading the way, championing a new physics instead of the big bang.
A key factor that holds back the forward march of science is how big bang cosmology blocks the view of basic mathematical and scientific work that might help solve many of our problems today. For example, out of the 202 base-2 notations, the first 64 steps, up to a trillionth of a trillionth of a second, define key processes involved in controlled nuclear fusion. [4] That our scientific enterprise is unaware of these notations compromise all fusion research.
Langlands programs has been blocked from applying their constructions about the preconditions to start our the universe. The richness of Langlands programs needs to be part of our vision of the preconditions of spacetime, which tell us how our universe came to be.[5]
Consider further the de facto expansion — base-2 — within big bang cosmology. The classic formulation of the theory was of a compression of “everything, everywhere which would ever be manifest in time” as a most-powerful singularity (and the cause of exponential expansion). Big bang cosmology starts infinitely hot and infinitely dense. Our simple logic also starts within a very dense state and the most infinitesimal units of space-time manifest as a sphere.
Our hypothesis is that the very. first unit of spacetime manifest as a sphere; and in so doing,instantiates the qualitative, the three most basic facts-features-functions of pi (π): 1. Continuity-numbers-order is given by her endless equation. 2. Symmetry-shape-relations is given within the perfections of her circles and spheres. 3. Harmony-spacetime-dynamics is given by Fourier’s transform, periodicity and spin states.
Again, instead of a compressed singularity, we start with the most simple object in the universe, an infinitesimal shell sphere defined by all natural units. These base units could be defined by Planck, Stoney, the ISO or even another equivalent. The surprise is when one compares that base-2 progression with the bbc, the results are virtually the same. Thebbc’sepochs become our processes. Guth’s inflation is on hold. The result is an alternative model. It’s a dynamic model that redefines space, time and infinity. As the bbc slowly occupies a more limited role in our history, I believe our oldest, most-ubiquitous equation will re-emerge. Pi (π) gives us a very different beginning, a smooth start, and an immediate start of star formation. It reinforces the spirit of the Lambda CDM, the Standard Model for Cosmology, and the Standard Model for Particle Physics.
If we take as a given that the Planck base units manifest as an infinitesimal sphere with all the equations of dimensionless constants that define each, along with her deep-seated continuity-symmetry-harmony of pi, Langlands programs can get to work and be applied as part of the preconditions for the first instant of spacetime. With base-2 and continuity-symmetry-harmony as the infrastructure, a transition from Langlands to string-and-M theory is more direct. With 64 notations of which 18 are prime numbers, there is room on this continuum for every study including causal dynamical triangulation, supersymmetries, loop quantum gravity, causal set theory, hypothetical particles, and the spectral standard model.
We will all begin to grasp that first second (Notation-143). We will also begin to grasp the very first yoctosecond (Notation-64) as we’ll fine-tune our bandwidth to a trillionth of a trillionth of a second. There at the thresholds of possible measurement is a more perfect part of our universe, very real foundations of our universe, even things currently in the dark!
To that end we have started a petition to our major learned societies within every nation that has one: Challenge your people![8]
Also, with this homepage and others, we are beginning to ask the people of Langlands programs to explain automorphic forms for the general public. Explain the bridge between the finite and infinite and to the very first notation. We will be asking the people within SUSY to help redefine infinity and perfection.
And, to encourage this entire process, we kindly ask you to be involved. Please consider helping us along the way by signing our petition about it all.[d]
_____
Back in 1986, one of our most adventurous physicists, John Wheeler, said,
“Behind it all is surely an idea so simple, so beautiful, so compelling, that when — in a decade, a century, a millennium – we grasp it, we will all say to each other, “How could it be otherwise?”
Perhaps John Wheeler was intuiting base-2 notation from the first moment of time until now. I actually think he was. Thank you. -BEC
P.S. If you can see where I have failed, especially with the logic, geometry, and mathematics, and my knowledge of pi, spheres, dimensionless constants and natural units, please let me know! I.have no reputation to defend. I’ll apologize and I will profusely thank you for helping me to focus on one of my blind spots. Thanks again. -Bruce
Endnotes / Footnotes Background: When writing a new homepage, links are inserted within the content of the body. When somewhat complete, references (once called the footnotes), endnotes and resources are added and all external links and many internal links are deleted. Your comments and advice are always appreciated.
[c] Beyond the Big Bang Theory. Some scholars suggest that the new physics starts beyond the standard model. Among those who have, George Efstathiou is a scholar’s scholar. As the head of the Kavli Institute for Cosmology at University of Cambridge (now emeritus), he was early to call for a new physics. One of the goals of this article is to get him to comment about base-2 exponentiation from Planck’s natural units. We will request his permission to include it as a critique of this article.
5 February 2014: @BILD Insight & wisdom cannot be built on half-truths: https://81018.com/biased/ When our sciences falter, we all falter. Religion and science need the continuity-symmetry-harmony of deep science: https://81018.com/csh/ Mistakes by Aristotle-Newton-Hawking hurt us. Best wishes, BEC
Congratulations on making real contributions to our world of knowledge. Can we unleash a new level of creativity? With the results of the LLNL-NIF being studied in depth, the path to make it extensible is still unclear. Have you examined base-2 notation from the Planck Length and Planck Time to the size and age of the universe? https://81018.com/chart/. There are 202 notations; the first 65 or so notations are at or beyond the limits of physical measurement. There are 18 prime numbers and there are many disciplines that can contribute mathematically to the steps to make it all perfectly extensible.
I first visited John Bell at CERN labs in 1974 and then again in 1977. Though my vision of perfected states in spacetime emerged in 1971 as a result of first thinking about the EPR paradox and Bell’s inequality equations, it wouldn’t be until 2011 that I began to rethink perfected states in light of the 202 base-2 notations from the Planck base units to the current time. And, it wasn’t until 2016, that I began to associate perfected states with pi(π). Without a mathematical container for our universe, we get stuck inside our worldviews. Even with the most embracing Weltanschauung, without those first 64 notations, it is still not large enough.
The first second brings us into Notation-143; the first billionth of a second, known as the nanosecond, only brings us into Notation-114. Even a billionth of a billionth of a second, the attosecond, is too slow at Notation-84. The zeptosecond is within Notation-74. And at the current limits of measurement, the yoctosecond, is within Notation-64. The “Plancksecond” also known as PlanckTime, is another 64 notations smaller. Here begins the domains of perfection. Too fast, too small, there is not enough time for any imperfections. Imperfections take time. Of course, the calculations for the Planck base units are with dimensionless constants and Einstein and Planck with their claque of other Nobel laureates could easily have opened this domain long before quantum physics became dominant.
In 1975 I got an opportunity to chat with MIT’s Victor (Viki) Weisskopf about my peculiar formulation and how time and space emerged as a result. Without the simple mathematics, it was what I called “feel-good” talk. It had no formulations per se and though it had helped to open doors at Boston University in 1972, as a formulation, it progressed rather slowly. Perhaps things would have been different if I had accepted an invitation to study with the MIT combinatorics group with Gian-Carlo Rota. First, I was intimidated; and also, I was profoundly grateful for all the help Boston University had extended to me, so it is only recently that I begun to pursue Rota’s lines of thinking. Victor Weisskopf and Boston University professor, Lew Kowarski, helped to arrange my second visit with John Bell in 1977. Though I had stopped for a few days in London to join David Bohm (wiki) and his doctoral candidates in a day-long discussion about points, lines, and the tetrahedron, it would be well after Bohm died (October 1992), that I asked the question, “What is perfectly enclosed within the tetrahedron?” I had earlier seen answers to that question, alluded to by Arthur L. Loeb and his collaborator, R. Buckminster Fuller (Synergetics I). I was in a small group called the Philomorphs who met in the attic of Harvard’s Sever Hall. But those were weak references, not considered too important.
In 1994, for me, it was a major awakening.
There were others who laid the foundations for that awakening. One of my Boston University professors was Abner Shimony. He didn’t quite know what to do with my continuity-symmetry-harmony defining a spacetime moment and a moment of perfection, but he was one of the key voices declaring how important Bell’s work was in our quest to understand the very nature of reality. He helped to keep me focused.
After that second meeting with John Bell, my reading was attenuated to anybody who was working in the area. Having failed my first pass at the French exam, I decided to take up an offer of a friend in Paris to continue my work in the hometown of Olivier Costa de Beauregard and Jean-Pierre Vigier. Both had deep roots in quantum physics through through their doctoral work with Louis de Broglie. They were lovely people who were diametrically opposed to each others work. It was a bit awkward to work one day per week with one and the next day with the other. Vigier arranged a day at the optics lab in d’Orsay with Alain Aspect. He also had invited the distinguished Bernard d’Espagnat to join us.
It was a most special time; nobody was seeing a path out of the deep and dark.
In 2011 I learned there are just 202 base-2 notations from the Planck base units, especially Planck Time to this day, right now. The earliest notations, 1-65, just prior to where we can first measure quantum fluctuations, represent an infinitesimal area where perfected states in spacetime could manifest. I am still early in these studies yet they may prove to be helpful to some of your people.
On December 5, 2022, for the first time in human history, experimental science achieved a 154% energy yield.[1] What does it mean? It is clear that for an infinitesimally-short moment, controlled nuclear fusion was achieved. It is not yet clear how extensible those results will be, but experts at Lawrence-Livermore National Laboratory’s National Ignition Facility (LLNL-NIF)[2] have deep resolve and insights. Part of their work is to maintain, test, and update the nuclear stockpile of the USA and part of that work includes fundamental research of controlled nuclear fusion.[3]
As a result of their work, fusion energy no longer looks impossible. Going back at least into the 1950s, the most-speculative folks within our sciences had been promising everyone, “Free energy of the stars!” We’ve heard it for so long, it has become “The Impossible Dream.”[4] Although little understood, fusion ignition became the focus of the NIF. Once a little-known lab, these people have begun deciphering the numbers to one of the deepest, most-secretive codes of the universe.
I then thought, “That’s a year-old announcement. It’s a revolutionary breakthrough. That’s just the press conference.[5] You’ve got to do a full literature search on this kind of ignition.”
…. Four key fusion events, National Ignition Facility, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
In their discussions about these ignition events, the LLNL-NIF scientists talk a lot about symmetries and make several references to certain perfections and imperfections within a very small sphere called the target.[8] Though using many of the same words as we have within this website, these people have a radically different context. They are replicating the ultimate processes for star formation. It is something I hadn’t given much thought until reading about this ignition event, “Aren’t the processes of star formation well understood? Ignition problems?” The more I listened, the more I wanted to know about their grasp of that ignition event of a star. I.had begun to imagine that there could be similarities with the “ignition event” of our universe.
At the LLNL-NIF it’s all about Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF); it’s a more recent part of fusion history[9] (which goes back to 1920); the concepts about the ICF began to emerge in 1960.
In 1971 astrophysicist, Derek McNally,[10] wrote a scholarly article, Theories of star formation; he said, “A well defined theory of star formation does not yet exist.” At different times in his career, McNally would go on to become the general secretary of the Institute of Physics, part of the leadership team of the Royal Astronomical Society, and the chairman of working groups within the International Astronomical Union and International Council of Scientific Unions. Scholars are reluctant to admit a major weakness within their intellectual portfolio. And, of many subsequent articles, none are quite so clear. For any and every new start, that first second is the key to understanding and the goal now will be to control fusion for at least a second. Current theories have only outlined the fusion reaction that ignites stars (called the proton-proton chain reaction). Yet, today the LLNL-NIF has an advantage; they are working with hard data.
Stepping back, at this very early exploration of that data, and given the analogies with the birth of the universe, we could guess that stars are the penultimate finite-infinite transformation spheres.
In today’s academic environment, scholars are reluctant to introduce infinity into their equations. Our work around is simply toredefine infinity.[11] It is the perfect continuity, symmetry, and harmony defined by pi (π). Our hypothesis is that perfections within spheres open pathways to infinite energies. We can speculate that the birth of a star requires three facets of perfection — continuity-symmetry-harmony – to open that gateway[c] between the finite and infinite. And, every star in the universe is a finite-infinite perfection whereby each extends the continuity equation of pi well beyond the 100 trillion digits that were confirmed by computer in 2022. Each extends the symmetry functions well-beyond the perfections of the sphere[d]. And most importantly, each and every star, to be a star, is extending those perfections within harmonics that were introduced in 1821 by Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier, a French mathematician.
The early descriptions of the ignition event, fusing two light atomic nuclei (deuterium and tritium) to form a single heavier one while releasing massive amounts of energy, is a fact. The goal of creating a stable, long-term source of energy is still just a little more than a dream. Currently NIF’s chief scientists are detailing a few steps in the fusing process. Within our work there are at least 64 steps, one for each of the first 64 notations out of the 202 that encapsulate the universe as we know it. The 64th notation is a trillionth of a trillionth of a second.[e] It’s where quantum fluctuations appear to begin. Although we anticipate that every notation contributes to the process, 1-64 hold the keys. To prioritize, we suggest that the LLNL-NIF labs first focus on the eighteen (18) prime number notations within those 64 notations, and then with those notations where key formulae intersect within those same 64 notations, especially from functional analysis of those disciplines currently not on the grid.
This article is just our start of our studies of star formation, plasmas, controlled fusion, and particularly Inertial Confinement Fusion, and already I believe there are five key takeaways from the LLNL-NIF breakthroughs. These are as follows:
1. Hypothesis: Continuity-symmetry-harmony create a perfected state of spacetime. It is defined by pi (π) and bridges the finite-infinite and dominates the first 64 base-2 notations (of the 202 that currently encapsulate the universe) and that each notation contributes to create and sustain fusion ignition. 2. We hypothesize that there is a geometry of imperfection which may begin within the infinitesimal (lower than Notation-64) yet only begins to manifest in spacetime as quantum fluctuations. 3. We hypothesize that the universe is open whereby the finite elements used to create fusion ignition create perfect pathways to the infinite such that it may be possible to have an extensible design and controls for sustainable fusion energy. 4. We take as a given that the universe is encapsulated within 202 base-2 notations from PlanckTime to the Now. All time is now and all notations are always active. The first 64 notations are below the thresholds of physical measurement. These notations are calculations with dimensionless constants. Within the 64 are 18 prime numbers — 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59 and 61 — that invite those disciplines not on the grid to add their definitions to this continuum. That includes Langlands programs, string and M-theories, SUSY, conformal field theories, and more. These studies may well contribute to extensible designs. 5. And, finally let us begin to recognize the lack of logic within the big bang theory’s singularity with “everything from everywhere” given we now have trillions of stars and the constant energy demands of those stars. Some kind of finite-infinite relation is more logical than a theory about a singularity and simultaneity that could render a big bang, inflation and continued expansion as currently understood. Also, this proposed model works better with current observations from the James Webb Space Telescope regarding galaxies that formed earlier than 300 million years and for the smoothness at the start of the universe (also observed by other space telescopes).
We acknowledge that these concepts are a challenge to our old commonsense logic and understanding of space, time and infinity. Somehow we’ve got to either shred our old hypotheses about big bang cosmology or these hypotheses. If these five hypotheses just above cannot be shredded, then we should figure out how to test them. The 64 steps defined by pure mathematics and logic for controlled nuclear fusion would of course go a long way. -BEC
P.S. I would be so very appreciative if you could help us by commenting on the above.
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Upon considering the theories of star formation: “We’re missing something and we don’t know what it is.” – Nienke van der Marel, Leiden Observatory, The Netherlands, 2023
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Footnotes Very few of these points have pages within this website.
Endnotes Thoughts about and reflections on this content.
[a]Infinitesimals: We have not begun to grasp the complexity and potentials within the first 67 notations of the 202 base-2 notations that encapsulate our universe. We have not yet begun to grasp the importance of pi (π) and its three profoundly inherent qualities, continuity, symmetry, and harmony. Here harmony is understood to be fine tuning related to the inertial spin effect and the Fourier transform. Also, we have not yet begun to grasp the dimensions of time. We so limit ourselves and our imaginations. There are no less than 26 currently recognized definitions of the various types of time. Eventually, we will know them all. Backgrounder…
[b] Perfections: Perfection was thrown out of academia as quantum physics became an accepted theory of the way things are. Here we will be trying to re-introduce a limited version of perfection and a geometric understanding of quantum physics based on those geometries that do not perfectly fill space. See Aristotle’s 1800-year old mistake.
[e] Trillionth of a trillionth. We began studying the attosecond when the Max Planck Labs in Garching started reporting attosecond calibrations and measurements. Trying to make sense of it all and to learn so many new concepts, we made a chart of the flavors of time whereby we discovered that the yoctosecond was a trillionth of a trillionth of a second within Notation-64. Science fiction had become science fact.
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References & Resources As these references are studied, key references and resources will be added.
21 January 2024 – @isabelledume Thank you for your work on those three very helpful recent articles in IOP: Hopfions,Moiré material, and spiralling phonons. To understand it all in light of what’s given and the infinitesimal to the Planck units is a challenge: https://81018.com Thanks again.
Abstract. Number theory can be rendered by the 202 base-2 notations from Max Planck’s natural units to the age and size of the universe today.* Hypothesized is that those Planck numbers best describe an infinitesimal sphere.† Also, taken as a given, this is the first instance of spacetime (Notation-0). Max Planck calculated those numbers in 1899[a] and each number is a ratio and an equation of dimensionless constants. Within just the sphere, there are numbers from equations for units of time, length, mass and charge. Instantly three very different types of numbers manifest: Dynamic numbers, Functional numbers, and Numerals. Dynamic numbers like pi (π)[b] are constantly working. With no end to pi’s continuity-symmetry-harmony, a finite-infinite relation is infused “everywhere within everything for all time.” Functional numbers are an equation to do a job. Numerals represent a thing, i.e. a sphere. In the next instant of PlanckTime there are two equal spheres. If each unit of PlanckTime generates one sphere, within ten units of PlanckTime, depending on which counting metrology[c] is invoked, there could be as few as ten spheres. There are so many other equations within that first sphere, with each subsequent sphere there may well be other dynamic expansions. It would appear that this would be the fastest, most-dense expansion possible — 539 tredecillion spheres per second. We’re consulting the wizards; but, for example, if the Fibonacci sequence is somehow invoked, with the next Plancksphere, Fibonacci spheres may have start to form. A natural doubling mechanism may well be initiated such that along with those two Planckspheres, a base-2 definition of spheres becomes emergent. Then, respecting Freeman Dyson’s comment to us about dimensional analyses (“…multiply by 8…”), there may well be spheres that look like points or vertices.[d] Quite possibly, a key will be that rate of expansion.[e] Whatever the sphere that is defined by these natural units, all are most-densely packed. Scale invariance at work, all the edges and centerpoints of new spheres are instantly in a relation to each other. Perfect triangles are created, then perfect tetrahedrons, then perfect octahedrons.[f] Numbers become functional. Symmetries are defined. And, with just those initial Planckspheres, many symmetries are defined. As these symmetries begin to interact, there are the first dynamics of interior relations. Then, with every prime number notation, it appears that new equations could manifest. Basic formulae to guide our expansion are manifest within those first 64 notations. We are now exploring if primary work has been done (functional analysis) by those disciplines not currently on the grid.[g]
References-footnotes-endnotes are being actively worked. Sorry for any confusion. -BEC, April 2024
1. Introduction
The very first numbers within this universe did not happen by chance. There is a deep-seated interiority of numbers that has not yet been recognized within number theory simply because our simple logic tells us that our numbers were actually invented or created by humans and not by an abstraction like pi (π).
Yes, here we are saying that the actual numerals, 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-0, may have come later but before 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 could exist, there was, and still is, a natural advent of numbers that defines the very nature of continuity and order, then defines the very nature of symmetry and relations, and is always defining harmony (fine tuning) and the very nature of dynamics. This is an emergent definition of pi (π) that necessarily involves the finite-infinite relation. These numbers, we propose, actually originate from somewhere other than the finite. If it is the infinite by default, then let it define the infinite! We can then explore to see if that definition is helpful!
From Archimedes to today’s folks, we’ve moved onto a fast track. In and around 210 BC Archimedes defined the well-known first few digits of π (pi). Chinese mathematicians, Zu Chongzhi and Zu Gengzhi, defined the well-known 3.14159 in-and-around 500 AD. In our time, those never-ending digits are on a fast-track for growth. In 2020 Timothy Mullican of Huntsville, Alabama verified 50 trillion places for π (pi). In 2021 there were 62.8 trillion digits verified by Thomas Keller at the University of Applied Sciences of the Grisons in Switzerland. Then in 2022, Emma Haruka Iwao of Seattle gave us over 100 trillion verified digits of pi. Perhaps the next target will be 314 trillion,159 billion… then, we’ll move into the quadrillion counts with another generation of computers. These are never-ending, never repeating numbers, always different, always the same… one might say that these numbers are an oxymoron or perhaps a compressed conflict being beyond comprehension yet making everything comprehensible.
These numbers, of course, are the calculations of humans with the assistance of computers and algorithms. The three do not hold even the smallest candle to π (pi). Logically, at one Planck sphere per unit of Planck Time, there would be over 539 tredecillion spheres per second. With so many combinatorial possibilities, we might readily conclude that π (pi) is a long way from giving up all of her secrets. Yet, as our first formula to beget spacetime, our universe has a fundamentally exponential start and that is the first function of the universe. Addition and subtraction appear to be derivative and localized within a notation.
Admittedly a most counter-intuitive approach to number theory, these functions of π (pi) define the nature of the number. Pi (π) gives each number its order, relations, and dynamics. All we did was name and label each in combinations of 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10. Thank you. -BEC
Editor’s note: This page may become our first truly collaborative page on this website. This article is now open for collaborations. Want to help? Send a note by email [that is camber (at) 81018.com] or complete this form.
2. Materials and Methods
This is a thought experiment which primarily uses logic and mathematics. However, the 202 base-2 notations that encapsulate the universe from Planck Time to Now encompass both materials and methods; the 202 notations create a working, mathematical model of the universe. This model demonstrates the essential role of dimensionless constants like pi (π) and its three primary functions, continuity-symmetry-harmony. It includes spheres and sphere dynamics, period doubling bifurcations, and the emergence of basic geometries. Yet, number theory is the core of this work whereby the origin of our base numbers, 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10, is explored. The primacy of multiplication-division over addition-subtraction is also introduced. The place of natural units like Max Planck’s base units, Stoney units, or ISO units, hold keys to reconstruct the universe most simply, but integratively and comprehensively such that truly simple equations can become exceedingly complex very quickly.
3. Results
We take as a given the natural units of Max Planck (other natural units will be engaged in future studies). Assuming PlanckTime is the first unit of time, base-2 notation is applied which results in 202 base-2 notations from the Planck Time until the Now. The first measurable unit of time had been within Notation-74 which contains one zeptosecond (10-21). The yoctosecond (10-24) within Notation-64 appears to be on the threshold of measurement and quantum fluctuations.
Footnote: Now part of many research programs around the world, most often building on the prior work of the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching (Germany) and the earlier work of Ahmed Hassan Zewail of Egypt, known as the “father of femtochemistry” and a Nobel laureate (1999).
The structure and substance of those first 64 notations become the focus. What is there and how does it contribute to the foundational structure of the universe? It would seem impossible to go further. Yet, we slowly began to consider that first moment with the definitions of each base unit as given. What can we say about it? Each base unit has a value. What might those values represent? After much debate, it is decided that the scale invariant sphere with just two vertices qualifies. We take as a given that the sphere is the most simple structure in the universe. We know that it is profoundly and inextricably bound to pi (π); and that pi (π) is inextricably bound to its three facets, continuity-symmetry-harmony. We know that those three facets do not appear in the finite world per se and the three qualities are not finite. The more we studied those three qualities the more they seem to capture the concept of infinity. Like dimensionless constants, we take as a given that continuity-symmetry-harmony are not finite and are the best possible description of the infinite. We then take it as a given that these concepts necessarily open the finite-infinite relation.
Functional numbers: Continuing our initial examination of numbers in 2016, there are simple functional numbers such as perfect numbers, hyperperfect Numbers, elementary symmetric polynomials (named)… every number can be the result of an equation and every equation defines a relation. It starts from a single, simple symmetry and continues to become complex. The ISO has certified that the speed of light is constant at 299,792,458 metres per second. It is a special functional number that may in fact be a variable. Many such numbers, the constants of science, are now being re-examined in the same light. Every number must be re-examined, examined, and conditionally understood within the context given.
Dynamic numbers: These numbers never stop and they include all irrational numbers and equations with these irrational numbers. That list includes pi, phi, Kepler’s conjecture, and e = 2.718… Euler’s natural exponential function ( f(x) = ex ) (also, Euler’s constant), and then Feigenbaum’s 4.669… Cliff Pickford describes Feigenbaum’s constant as having “…properties of dynamical systems with period-doubling. The ratio of successive differences between period-doubling bifurcation parameters approaches the number 4.669 … , and it has been discovered in many physical systems before they enter the chaotic regime. It has not been proven to be transcendental, but is generally believed to be.”
Studies of these numbers will continue and we will return to references from Cliff Pickover (Pickover is at Zmail.com), Martin Rees(Six Numbers) and others throughout the references, footnotes and resources.
Number Systems. There are any number of formulations of number theory; the following outline is just one example:
Number classifications and theory. We have just started our walk into number theory. With so many classifications, one can readily understand why there is confusion. Our start here is from a very different point of view. We’ll just have to see what the market says about the approach. In the interim, if we take our approach as a given, we can begin counting infinitesimal spheres, begin considering the perfections of simple geometries that perfectly fill each other and allow for a reductionism that works in one direction and an expansion that works in the other.
Spheres. That first infinitesimal sphere has mass, charge, space and time. The more that it is considered, we take it as given that that the first sphere is at Notation-0 and that there will be one sphere for every expansion of that PlanckTime and PlanckLength. Again, that rate of expansion calculates to be at 539+ tredecillion spheres per second. The three-dimensional calculation is still being debated. Could it fill about the area defined by the orbital path of the International Space Station? It would appear that such an expansion would be exceedingly smooth but robust enough to have stars and galaxies form well within the 300 million years currently observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Sphere stacking and sphere dynamics. The packing and stacking of spheres is an ongoing study. This we know. Tetrahedrons and octahedrons are generated. The other platonic solids are then generated. There is a geometry of perfection where objects are perfectly-filled and there are no spaces. There is a geometry of imperfection where gaps are necessarily defined. We take as a given that the first 64 notations are so fast and so dense that perfectly-filling is easier and quicker than creating gaps. One of our current studies is of the best densities for gaps to begin to manifest. An hypothesis is that relativity is set by the geometries of the perfectly-filling objects and quantum physics is set by the geometries of the gaps created by tetrahedrons, octahedrons, dodecahedrons and icosahedrons and there is a constant weaving between them.
A little perspective. These thoughts and hypotheses (whereby things are taken as given) have been discussed within this website since 2012. More recently these were reduced to five concepts that were proposed to the Lawrence-Livermore National Laboratory-National Ignition Facility (LLNL-NIF) for the control of nuclear fusion and to many of the scholar-scientists among studies currently not on the grid. Today’s grid misses the first 64 notations. Big bang theories have blocked the view of the infinitesimal wherein the universe gets a broader view of functional analysis which we hypothesize is necessary for controlled nuclear fusion.
The LLNL-NIF is reintroducing the concept of perfection and particularly perfected states within spacetime.
4. Conclusions and Discussion
This is a thought experiment we believe is worthy of further consideration. If it can have a role in opening the discussions between scholars and scientists about perfected states in spacetime, we might make faster progress to solve the clean energy crisis with all its potential negative and positive economic impacts. We might make faster progress in our understanding of our relation to the globe, the sun, the solar system, the Milky Way, and the universe. We may discover the nascent value equations within continuity-order, symmetry-relations, and harmony-dynamics such that crime begins to fall and educational values increase. Thank you. -BEC
Author Contributions. Bruce E. Camber is currently the sole author of this article. He acknowledges that it is an idiosyncratic interpretation, so he will always make himself available for corrections and discussions.
Acknowledgments In 2011 Steve Curtis and Cathy Boucvalt were fellow teachers and very helpful and supportive; and, a student, Bryce Estes, was an inspiration with his Science Fair project, Walk the Planck. Freeman Dyson introduced me to dimensional analysis and offered constructive criticisms and became a guiding light. Frank Wilczek at MIT confirmed our understanding of the Planck base units with his many articles and books and was an uplifting spirit.
Conflicts of Interest. There have been no known conflicts of interest.
Prof. Dr. Klaus Blaum, MPIK; Prof. Dr. Thomas Udem, MPIQ; Dr. Ekkehard Peik, PTB Department time and frequency; Dr. Stefan Ulmer, RIKEN Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory
20 March 2024: @mcuban Our problems as a people stem from little worldviews. We need a mathematically-integrated view of the universe and the most simple and comprehensive is base-2 from the Planck base units to the age of the universe. Just 202 notations! https://81018.com
Keys to this page, numbers-numbers-numbers • The last update was 3 April 2024. • This page was initiated on 11 January 2024. • The URL for this file is https://81018.com/numbers-numbers-numbers/ • First headline for this article: Let’s All Learn A Few Basic Numbers • First teaser* is: 0123… The origination of a number before it is a number. • Current headline: A Different Orientation to Numbers • Current teaser* is: 0123… Numbers defined before anyone knew about them
Worldviews limit perspective 