Put old big bang cosmology on ice to see the universe…

Left Yellow Arrow
This yellow arrow goes to the next homepage

PERFECTION STUDIES: CONTINUITY•SYMMETRY•HARMONY GOALS.13-14.May.2024
PAGES:.CHECKLISTS.|.REFERENCES |.FOOTNOTES | EMAILS.| IM | CRITIQUE.| Zzzz’s

the old theory slowly dying
Exponential notation from Planck’s base units taking its place
by Bruce E. Camber (first draft)

Abstract
For almost 100 years big bang cosmology has blocked the view of the first seconds of the universe.[*] Although there is no discussion and no consensus that base-2 is the de facto exponential expansion of the universe, if we apply base-2 to Planck Time (take it as a given to be the first moment of time), it points a new way. There are 143 notations to the first second.[†] There are just 59 more base-2 notations[a] to the current time. This scale introduces physics at the shortest length-and-time and uses base-2 exponentiation to go to the physics at the largest length-and-time. Few people are aware of those 143 notations to the first second and all 202 notations[b] from the first moment of time to the current time. With so many notations to that first second, there is freedom to reconstruct the big bang in exquisite detail. We have the advantage of current satellite data (like JWST) and the most recent accelerator data (like CERN) to create a working picture of a new Big Bang or its alternative.

Introduction. Big bang cosmology first emerged in 1927. It became the generally-accepted theory for the start of the universe in the 1980s. Until 2022, there had never been such disruptive images and data as that coming from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Reinforcing the results of our earlier space telescopes (and the ongoing analyses of that data), there is a growing consensus that the universe started smoothly.[1]

With each new observation about the earliest universe, with 202 notations, there is a possibility that small adjustments to this emergent model can be made.

At the height of those discussions between the Steady State and Big Bang scholar-scientists, some began to suggest that there was a physics beyond the standard model.[2] Too many fundamental physical phenomena in nature were not included and there were too many conflicting experimental results. A possible crescendo of problems, after over forty years of research to find a path to solutions, was in July 2022 with the JWST newly-observed galaxies within 300 million years of the start.[3]

Our focus is on nine disciplines, primarily within mathematical physics, that are not on the grid. All open different explorations. Each study has a special logic that could add dimensionality and substance to our understanding of this infinitesimal domain, Notations 1-64.[4]

One of the reasons there is so little discussion about these first moments of the universe, there is so little time. The time durations are shorter than our abilities to measure them. It begs the question, “What can possibly be meaningfully done in one trillionth of a trillionth of a second?” That’s Notation-64. Within this model each notation uniquely defines units of time.[5] 

Our very first explorations of these 64 notations or steps, particularly the 18 prime number notations, began in 2011 within a high school geometry class. Because each notation is always active, we’ve had to rethink the very nature of time. It’s anticipated to be among the keys to solve long-standing problems.

2. Materials & Methods. Materials include the Planck base units and spheres. The methods include the extensive use of pi (π) and the mathematics of base-2 exponential notation. Stoney or ISO base units could have been used, but the Planck units are better-known and studied.[6]

3. Results. There are 202 base-2 notations from the Planck base units, all natural units, whereby Planck Time is considered the first moment of time and the historic chronon.[7] The 202 notations are used to create a chart, seemingly the first mathematical expansion of the universe based on Planck units. The first second of the universe is defined from Notation-1 to Notation-143. The first minute of the universe is within Notation-150. The first 300 million years is between Notation-196 and 197. The current notation, 202, is 10.98+ billion years in duration.

A most pivotal question is asked, “What could manifest at the first notation?” The answer is a key:

The sphere is the most simple three-dimensional object (or thing) in the universe. It is hypothesized that the Planck base units manifest as a sphere, an infinitesimal sphere, and that there is one infinitesimal sphere per unit of Planck Time.

Within each notation there is a figure for the total mass of the universe, a multiple of Planck Mass, and the total charge of the universe, a multiple of Planck Charge. There is also a number for the total number of spheres (or vertices).[8]

These are all very simple yet unique calculations.

4. Conclusions and Discussion. To grasp this emergent format for big bang cosmology, this project has begun a discussion of the nature of sound within that first second. Although there is no one to hear it, we are in search of a working description of the big bang based on current data. Key questions include: Within which notation would sound be created? How big would it be? Could it be characterized as a bang? Over how many notations would it be? Is it possible that there was never a bang?

Thrust. Out of the 202 base-2 notations, the first 64 steps, are just up to a trillionth of a trillionth of a second (yoctosecond). There is within the doubling of Planck Charge a built-in thrust. The densities are on the order of a neutron star. And, the role and place of light is still in the earliest stages of exploration. Another key to this universe is grasping the deep nature of the smallest possible sphere.

Sphere(s). Spheres can be counted and assigned quantitative values. The sphere also instantiates the qualitative initially defined by three most basic facts-features-functions of pi (π):
1. Continuity-numbers-order are given by her endless equation.
2. Symmetry-shape-relations are given within the perfections of circles and spheres.
3. Harmony-spacetime-dynamics are Fourier’s transform, periodicity and spin states.[9]

Eventually there will be a discussion about renaming the Big Bang. Keeping with the spirit of the past, it might be called “The Big Sound.” Or, it could reflect the fact that this domain is out of reach but fundamental. “Hypostatics” captures that energy. This renaming is not trivial.

Although the work of George Johnstone Stoney or the ISO (or a current theorist) could be used to define that infinitesimal shell sphere of all natural units, the surprise is when one compares those progressions (including the epochs of Stephen Hawking), the results are virtually the same.

Base-2 is an equalizer.

Also, because the epochs become processes, the result is a dynamic model that redefines space, time and infinity with a smooth start and immediate start of star formation. With its deep-seated continuity, this base-2 progression also reinforces the spirit of the Lambda CDM, the Standard Model for Cosmology, and the Standard Model for Particle Physics. And, it provides a platform to address the unaccounted fundamental physical phenomena in nature and the arrays of conflicting experimental results. 

Current data from our most powerful accelerators (instrumentation) like CERN and from those measuring time sequences like the Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, are limited; both can only reach down to about Notation-64. We turn to those disciplines with well-developed logic and mathematics but are not on a grid. To date, one can readily imagine that their scholars and scientists had assumed that the grid started in and around Notation 65.

This 202 notational grid is different. It assumes the dynamics of infinitesimal spheres. It assumes that there is continuity-symmetry-harmony inherent within all notations. With these qualities as the starting point, this project assumes that each of the following disciplines are readily able to build logically upon one another. We’ve contacted key scholars within each:
1. Ed Frenkel, Ngô Bảo Châu and others within the Langlands Programs are asked to consider if their automorphic forms define the first group of notations that further precondition spacetime. Are these automorphic forms within spacetime? Do they define spacetime? Or, do they define a bridge between the finite and infinite?[10]
2. Ed Witten, Gabriele Veneziano, Stefan Vandoren, Cumrun Vafa, Nathan Seiberg, Dean Rickles, Hermann Nicolai, Juan Maldacena, and Michael J. Duff were asked about the 202 notations thinking that string and M-theories within these first 64 notations, would naturally follow Langlands programs.[11]
3. Jonathan Bagger and Sylvester James Gates have been asked to identify those notations where supersymmetry (SUSY) may be applied. We anticipate across all 64 notations, but rarely higher.
4. Abhay Ashtekar and Carlo Rovelli may identify notations where loop quantum gravity (LQG) informs us. Perhaps those notations area limited to the areas for fluctuations, but if gravity and electromagnetism are related to work of Smale and Milnor‘s attractors and repellers, the first 64 notations may be involved.
5. Jan Ambjørn, Jerzy Jurkiewicz, and Renate Loll created causal dynamical triangulation (CDT); it can be applied to every notation, yet particularly within the first 64 notations.
6. Rafael Sorkin, Nick Huggett, David Malament, James Owen Weatherall, and Christian Wüthrich created causal set theory (CST) and it too can be applied to every notation. They are each asked to apply CST to all notations as well.
7. Frank Wilczek, Gerardus ‘t Hooft, David Gross, and Peter Higgs have been working for their entire careers on some aspect of field theories. These distinguished physicists are still asked to consider how all their work relates to the 202 notations.[12]
8. Alain Connes laid the foundations for the spectral standard model (SSM). With Ali H. Chamseddine and W.D. van Suijlekom they are all asked to consider where and how their work will engage the 202 notations.
9. There are hundreds of scholars who have postulated some form of a hypothetical particle. Now, within those first 64 notations there is a chance for each to locate their hypothetical particle within a notation based upon symmetries defined within spacetime. Scholars include Frank Wilczek (axion, anyon), Alan Guth (inflaton), and squark experts, Mansoora Shamim (also gluinos) and Nadja Strobbe.

These are the thought leaders of our time. Just looking over these 35 scholars, it pains me to realize that in so many cases, Max Planck’s dictum is true.

There are so many most speculative efforts by scholars and scientists, all remarkably creative and talented thinkers among our world’s people. These are the earliest stages of exploring those first 64 notations. Although the nine studies cited above will occupy many of the 64 notations, there is room for many others.

New sciences will emerge. Sphere stacking-and-packing create tetrahedrons and octahedrons, basic building blocks of geometry and the universe which, of course, finally manifest as all of our particles and waves.[13]

Among the new sciences will be the geometries of gaps. Five tetrahedrons sharing an edge create a gap of 7.3561+ degrees. We then learned about dodecahedral and icosahedral gaps. In our studies, it seems that we uncovered the octahedral gap. We asked the experts, “Could these gaps be related to quantum fluctuations?” There was no response. Too obvious, we just assumed that quantum fluctuations are the result of gap geometry. Nobody has told us otherwise. Given current measurements by CERN, we know that fluctuations are within Notations 65-67. It appears that the first geometric gaps were observed in the 15th century; and finally, these gaps are increasingly well-documented.[14]

Back in 1986, one of our most adventurous physicists, John Wheeler, said,

“Behind it all is surely an idea so simple, so beautiful, so compelling, that when — in a decade, a century, a millennium – we grasp it, we will all say to each other, “How could it be otherwise?”

— John Archibald Wheeler (1911-2008), How Come the Quantum? from New Techniques and Ideas in Quantum Measurement Theory, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 480, Dec. 1986 (p.304–316), DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb12434.x

Perhaps John Wheeler was intuiting base-2 notation from the first moment of time until now.
I actually think he was. Thank you. -BEC

###

P.S. If you can see where I have failed, especially with the logic, geometry, and mathematics, and my knowledge of pi, spheres, dimensionless constants and natural units, please let me know! I.have no reputation to defend. I’ll apologize and I will profusely thank you for helping me to focus on one of my blind spots. Thanks again. -Bruce

Author Contributions. Bruce E. Camber is currently the sole author of this article. He readily acknowledges that it is a reformat of big bang cosmology so he will always make himself available for corrections and discussions.

Acknowledgments In 2011 Steve Curtis and Cathy Boucvalt were fellow teachers and very helpful and supportive; and, a student, Bryce Estes, was an inspiration especially with his Science Fair project, Walk the Planck. Freeman Dyson introduced me to dimensional analysis and offered constructive criticisms and became a guiding light. Frank Wilczek at MIT encouraged our studies of the Planck base units and was an uplifting spirit.

Conflicts of Interest. There have been no known conflicts of interest.

_____

References

[*] Video: R. Penrose, S. Carroll, L. Mersini-Hougton, Big Bang Creation Myths, AIA, (1:58/38:11), 2018 “The first minute is a little bit up for grabs.” -Sean Carroll, 2018

Also, see: Retrieved 10 May 2024: https://81018.com/2014/11/26/carroll/

[†] Retrieved 10 May 2024 https://81018.com/chart/#143

[a] Retrieved 10 May 2024 https://81018.com/chart/#202

[b] Retrieved 15 February 2024: https://81018.com/chart-analysis/

[1] Smoothness.
a. Smooth Beginning of the Universe, Jacek Gruszczak, (PDF), ArXiv, 2011
b. Optimal Transport Reconstruction of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, Farnik Nikakhtar, Ravi K. Sheth, Bruno Lévy, and Roya Mohayaee, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 251101, 14 December 2022
c. Reserved for an even better summary.

[2] New Physics: Do we have a standard model of cosmology?, George Efstathiou,
Astronomy & Geophysics (A&G), Volume 64, Issue 1, February 2023, Pages 1.21–1.24, https://doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/atac093 Also: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qY93sHDqDgk

Also, see: Retrieved 6 February 2024: https://81018.com/efstathiou/

“George Efstathiou was a team leader for the ESA Planck space observatory explorations from 2009 to 2013, and he was one of the first to raise questions about our understanding of inflation. They were unable to discern within all the data a signature for gravitational waves triggered by inflation. It would be imprinted on the polarisation of the CMB. The results instead suggest there may be new physics to be discovered in the ESA Planck data (M. Peplow, Planck telescope peers into primordial Universe, Nature (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2013.12658

[3] Well-developed galaxies within 300 million years: Retrieved 3 February 2024, https://81018.com/jwst/, What is the status of the Big Bang Theory?

[4] The first 64 notations of 202: Redefining the Infinitesimal https://81018.com/64-notations/ Retrieved 15 February 2024

[5] Time across all 202 notations: https://81018.com/the-firsts/ Retrieved 16 February 2024

[6] Planck Units: Physics Beyond The Standard Model?, Arpan Dey, August, 2020; and
Planck-scale physics: facts and beliefs, Diego Meschini, ArXiv, Jan 2006

[7] Introduction of a Quantum of Time (“chronon”), and its Consequences for the Electron in Quantum and Classical Physics (PDF), Ruy Farias, Erasmo Recami, ScienceDirect, 1998

[8] Tredecillion: Retrieved 16 February 2024, https://81018.com/tredecillion/

[9] Fourier. Retrieved 16 February 2024, https://81018.com/fourier/

[10] Bridge between the finite and infinite. Retrieved 16 Feb. 2024, https://81018.com/csh/

[11] Strings and M-theory: Retrieved 16 Feb. 2024, https://81018.com/strings/

[12] Field Theories: Retrieved 6 February 2024, https://81018.com/ft/

[13] Geometries of the gap. Retrieved 16 February 2024, https://81018.com/geometries/

[14] Mysteries in Packing Regular Tetrahedra, Jeffrey Lagarias & Chuanming Zong, (PDF), AMS, 2012

Endnotes / Footnotes
Background: When writing a new homepage, links are inserted within the content of the body. When somewhat complete, references (once called the footnotes), endnotes and resources are added and all external links and many internal links are deleted. Your comments and advice are always appreciated

Resources (in process):

Emails (there are always emails to those whose work we quote the most)

12 May 2024: Texas A&M people

These emails are from the first time this page was posted a a homepage:

IM

12 May 2024 @ 6 PM James C. Ungureanu: Beware of those stuck within absolute space and time, a Newtonian construct and the commonsense worldview of many: https://81018.com/biased/#Newton The stillbirth was with Hilbert and Kurt Gödel with their problems with Infinity: https://81018.com/godel/ etc..

10 May 2024: Nuseir Yassin @nasdaily There’ll be no peace until there is a shift from limited worldviews to a high-integrated, mathematical view of the universe– https://81018.com — whereby we start at the samllestest units of Max Planck and use exponenetial notation to go 202 steps to the largest.

27 February 2024 @InnovationBoard (Eric Schmidt, Chairman) Testified at the 2018 DIB in NASA’s Ames Research Center, Mountain View: https://81018.com/addendum/ and it has become increasingly clear that real innovation requires a grasp of our essential foundations: https://81018.com/reformat/ See: https://81018.com/star-formation/

Editor’s note: Theoretical physics has been hampered with the on-going belief that big bang cosmology is a good foundation upon which to build the Standard Model for Particle Physics (small scale) that opens to the Standard Model for Cosmology. It is not. A base-2 formulation from the Planck base units is a better model. It needs to be studied. -BEC

5 February 2014: @BILD Insight & wisdom cannot be built on half-truths: https://81018.com/biased/ When our sciences falter, we all falter. Religion and science need the continuity-symmetry-harmony of deep science: https://81018.com/csh/ Mistakes by Aristotle-Newton-Hawking hurt us. Best wishes, BEC

Critique. Your comments are most helpful. These five pages work together:
• From the smallest to largest scales: https://81018.com/reformat/
• On identifying keys to our Universe: https://81018.com/tighter/
• The Qualitative: https://81018.com/qualitative/
• Pi Day: https://81018.com/2024-piday/
• Number Theory: https://81018.com/numbers-numbers-numbers/

Keys to this page, reformatting

• This page became a homepage on 8 May 2024.
• The last update: 8 May 2024
• This page repurposes /reformat/.
• URL: https://81018.com/reformatting/
• First headline: Re-imagining the big bang
• Teaser (wicket-kicker-eyebrow):
Put the big bang on ice to see the universe…

###

Leave a comment

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.