These nine disciplines are on our grid.
There are no less than nine disciplines that are not part of the Standard Model or General Relativity. We reviewed nine in several articles: https://81018.com/functional-analysis/ https://81018.com/ether/ Others: https://81018.com/analysis/#Functional
Our first nine were: (1) Langlands programs, (2) String theories (including M-Theory, F-theory, type II and its offshoots), (3) Supersymmetries (SUSY), (4) Loop quantum gravity (LQG), (5) Causal dynamical triangulation (CDT), (6) Causal set theory (CST), (7) field theories, (8) (Spectral standard model (SSM) and (9) hypothetical particles.
AI identifies these nine:
- Quantum Gravity: This field attempts to merge quantum mechanics (which governs the Standard Model) with General Relativity to create a single framework that describes gravity at the quantum level. Current theories, like General Relativity, break down at the extremely small scales found inside black holes or at the Big Bang.
- String Theory: This is a leading candidate for a theory of quantum gravity. It proposes that the fundamental constituents of the universe are not point-like particles but one-dimensional, vibrating strings. String theory can incorporate a particle for gravity, the graviton, in a way that attempts to unify the four fundamental forces.
- Supersymmetry (SUSY): A proposed extension to the Standard Model, Supersymmetry suggests that every known particle has a “superpartner” with a different spin. If discovered, these new particles would help resolve some of the Standard Model’s problems and could be candidates for dark matter.
- Dark Matter Physics: The Standard Model provides no candidate for dark matter, the unknown substance that makes up about 27% of the universe’s mass-energy. Dedicated areas of physics and astrophysics study the nature of dark matter and search for evidence of its existence.
- Dark Energy Physics: The accelerated expansion of the universe is attributed to dark energy, which is not described by either the Standard Model or General Relativity. This topic is explored through cosmology and astrophysics using observations of the cosmic microwave background and other large-scale structures.
- Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG): Another approach to quantum gravity, LQG attempts to quantize spacetime itself rather than force fields acting within it, suggesting that spacetime is composed of discrete loops. It is an alternative to string theory and is based on a different mathematical framework.
- Extra Dimensions: Some theoretical models, including string theory, propose the existence of additional spatial dimensions beyond the three we perceive. Investigating the potential properties and effects of these extra dimensions is a separate area of study.
- Cosmic Inflation: This is a theory about the rapid expansion of the universe in its earliest moments, which is not fully explained by the Standard Model or General Relativity. It is typically treated as a separate cosmological discipline that adds to the existing models.
- Baryogenesis: This area of study is dedicated to solving the puzzle of matter-antimatter asymmetry. While the Standard Model can produce a slight asymmetry, it is not large enough to explain why the universe today is dominated by matter rather than equal parts matter and antimatter.
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