Base-2 and base-10 encompass the universe!
by Bruce E. Camber
First edition, March 2012. Second revised edition, 29 February 2024
Powers-of-two and Base-10: Exponentiation based on the Planck length. Herein it is referred to as Base-2 Exponential Notation (B2). Can the universe, from the smallest to the largest, be seen in a more meaningful way using base-2 instead of base-ten scientific notation (B10) as proposed by Kees Boeke in 1957?
B2 renders more granularity and a necessary relationality through nested geometries.
History. The project originated with a series of five high-school geometry classes in December 2011. In looking at the five platonic solids, particularly the tetrahedron, the question was asked, “How far within could we go before hitting the walls of measurement or knowledge? Then, how far can we go before hitting the Planck Length?”
Process. When we divide in half each of the six edges of a tetrahedron and connect those new vertices, we would find four tetrahedrons, one in each corner, and an octahedron in the middle. Doing the same division within the octahedron, we find six octahedrons, one in each corner, and eight tetrahedrons, one in each face. Within each object, we once assumed that we could divide those edges in half forever. Yet, unlike the paradox introduced by Zeno (ca. 490 BC – ca. 430 BC), we had learned that the smallest conceptual measurement of a length within space and time was defined mathematically in and around 1899 by Max Planck.
Questions. Though the Planck Constant, and Planck Length particularly, have not been universally accepted within the scientific community, it is a powerful concept based upon some of the most basic fundamentals of physics.
Exponential Notation. The Planck length is so small, it is written using exponential notation. The number is 1.616299(38)×10-35 meters. As a starting point we looked at many of the online references to the Planck length. In March 2012, there were were two numbers being touted about. The number in the formula, 1.616 229(38) × 10−35 (which is the 2014 CODATA sanctioned number) and 1.616199.
We use the numbers from the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Physical Constants.
Professor Laurence Eaves of the University of Nottingham in England has a delightful YouTube video that explains this length that is used to define a point (See correspondence).
In our simple exercise, take the Planck length and multiply it by 2, until we reach something that is measurable today (the diameter of a proton) and then to objects within the human scale, and finally to the edges of the observable universe. Mathematically, it will require somewhere just over 202 notations or doublings.
We arrived at several different numbers, one by a senior NASA scientist, now retired, and another by a French astrophysicist who gave us the figure of 205.1 notations and explains the difference (See footnote #5).
In five columns, the first column is the Base-10 notations. The second column is a Planck number based on the number of base-2 notations from the Planck length. The third column is the number of vertices, the powers of two. The fourth column is for the incremental increase in size (length). And, the fifth column will continue to be used for simple reflections on these notations, domains, doublings, groups, layers, sets…
| B10 1 | B2 0 | Primary vertices 2^0=1 | Planck Length Multiples 1.616229(97)×10-35m | Discussions, Examples, Information, Speculations: |
| 1 | 1 | 2^1=2 | 3.23239994×10-35m | At the first notation or doubling, there are two vertices or nodes, perhaps the shortest possible line or edge. Nobody knows where current string theory comes into play This is a domain for speculative work, but we suspect even superstring theory as it is currently understood comes much later. Perhaps we can only say that a two-dimensional object, a simple circle and a possible sphere emerge here and with every subsequent doubling. One might say that this notation is a necessary condition or initial condition for every subsequent doubling. Perhaps this might be called source code. |
| 1 | 2 | 2^2=4 | 6.46479988×10-35m | At the second notation there are four vertices or nodes. One might imagine that there are several logical possibilities yet within this speculative system, the simplest seems most logical. Three vertices form a triangle that define a plane and the fourth vertex forms a tetrahedron that defines the first three dimensions of space. Within the confines of the sphere, Pi or TT unfolding within the tension of its equation, it seems that a perfect tetrahedron must dynamically emerge inside the sphere. |
| 2 | 3 | 2^3=8 | 1.292959976×10-34m | At the third doubling there are eight vertices. Again, one might imagine that the activity is still within the sphere. Also, at some point the logical possibilities expand to include placing the vertices either inside the tetrahedron, on the edges of the tetrahedron or outside the tetrahedron. Again, it would seem that an octahedron and four tetrahedrons begin to emerge. If added within (see the close-packing of equal spheres in Wikipedia), tetrahedral close-packed structures emerge. If added externally, with just three additional vertices, a tetrahedral pentagon is created of five tetrahedrons (picture to be added With all eight additional vertices added externally,a cube or hexahedron could be created. |
| 2 | 4 | 2^4=16 | 2.585919952×10-34m | At the fourth doubling there are sixteen vertices. If any one of the vertices were to become a center point, and 10 vertices are extended from it, a tetrahedral icosahedron chain begins to emerge (picture to be added). With twenty vertices a simple dodecahedron is possible. And with the icosahedron, all five platonic solids are accounted. Among the many possibilities, in another configuration, a cluster of four polytetrahedral clusters (a total of 20 tetrahedrons) begin to emerge and completes with twenty vertices (picture to be added). With the tetrahedron these vertices could also divide the edges of the internal four tetrahedrons and one octahedron. If the focus was entirely within the octahedron, the first shared center point of the octahedron would begin to be defined and by the 18th vertex of the fourteen internal parts, eight tetrahedrons (one in each face) and the six octahedrons (one in each corner) would be defined (picture to be added). |
| 2 | 5 | 2^5=32 | 5.171839904×10-34m | At the fifth notation, there are 32 vertices. Here there is a possibility for a cluster of eight tetrahedral pentagons to emerge and complete with 34 vertices. Simple logic and the research within the work on cellular automaton suggest that the most simple possible structures emerge first |
| 3 | 6 | 2^6=64 | 1.0343679808×10-33m | At the sixth notation, there are 64 vertices. With just 43 of these, a hexacontagon could be created. It has 12 polytetrahedral clusters with an icosahedron in the middle. |
| 3 | 7 | 2^7=128 | 2.0687359616×10-33m | By the seventh doubling, the possibilities become more textured. The results are not. Simple exponential notation based on the power of two is well documented. Of course, by using base-2 exponential notation and starting at the Planck length, necessary relations might be intuited. |
| 3 | 8 | 2^8=256 | 4.1374719232×10-33m | Geometric complexification will be discussed. The nature of the perfect fittings, octahedrons and tetrahedrons, and the imperfect fitting, tetrahedrons making a pentastar or icosahedron, need review. |
| 3 | 9 | 2^9=512 | 8.2749438464×10-33m | In that pentastar the 7.368 degree spread — that is 1.54 steradians — increases within the icosahedron. |
| 4 | 10 | 1024 | 1.65498876928×10-32m | _ |
| 4 | 11 | 2048 | 3.30997752836×10-32m | _ |
| 4 | 12 | 4096 | 6.61995505672×10-32m | _ |
| 5 | 13 | 8192 | 1.323991011344×10-31m | _ |
| 5 | 14 | 16,384 | 2.647982022688×10-31m | _ |
| 5 | 15 | 32,768 | 5.295964045376×10-31m | _ |
| 6 | 16 | 65,536 | 1.0591928090752×10-30m | _ |
| 6 | 17 | 131,072 | 2.1183856181504×10-30m | _ |
| 6 | 18 | 262,144 | 4.2367712363008×10-30m | _ |
| 6 | 19 | 524,288 | 8.4735424726016×10-30m | _ |
| 7 | 20 | 1,048,576 | 1.69470849452032×10-29m | _ |
| 7 | 21 | 2,097,152 | 3.38941698904064×10-29m | <a class=”question” href=”https://81018.com/first/“>more information |
| 7 | 22 | 4,194,304 | 6.77883397808128×10-29m | _ |
| 8 | 23 | 8,388,608 | 1.355766795616256×10-28m | _ |
| 8 | 24 | 16,777,216 | 2.711533591232512×10-28m | _ |
| 8 | 25 | 33,554,432 | 5.423067182465024×10-28m | _ |
| 9 | 26 | 67,108,864 | 1.0846134364930048×10-27m | _ |
| 9 | 27 | 134,217,728 | 2.1692268729860096×10-27m | |
| 9 | 28 | 268,435,456 | 4.3384537459720192×10-27m | _ |
| 9 | 29 | 536,870,912 | 8.6769074919440384×10-27m | _ |
| 10 | 30 | 1,073,741,824 | 1.73538149438880768×10-26m | _ |
| 10 | 31 | 2,147,483,648 | 3.47076299879961536×10-26m | _ |
| 10 | 32 | 4,294,967,296 | 6.94152599×10-26m | _ |
| 11 | 33 | 8,589,934,592 | 1.3883052×10-25m | _ |
| 11 | 34 | 1.7179869×1011 | 2.7766104×10-25m | Actual number: 17,179,869,184 vertices |
| 11 | 35 | 3.4359738×1011 | 5.5532208×10-25m | 34,359,738,368 |
| 12 | 36 | 6.8719476×1011 | 1.11064416×10-24m | 68,719,476,736 |
| 12 | 37 | 1.3743895×1012 | 2.22128832×10-24m | 137,438,953,472 |
| 12 | 38 | 2.7487790×1012 | 4.44257664×10-24m | 274,877,906,944 |
| 12 | 39 | 5.4975581×1011 | 8.88515328×10-24m | 549,755,813,888 |
| 13 | 40 | 1.0995116×1012 | 1.77703066×10-23m | 1,099,511,627,776 |
| 13 | 41 | 2.1990232×1012 | 3.55406132×10-23m | 2,199,023,255,552 |
| 13 | 42 | 4.3980465×1012 | 7.10812264×10-23m | 4,398,046,511,104 |
| 14 | 43 | 8.7960930×1012 | 1.42162453×10-22m | 8,796,093,022,208 |
| 14 | 44 | 1.7592186×1013 | 2.84324906×10-22m | 17,592,186,044,416 |
| 14 | 45 | 3.5184372×1013 | 5.68649812×10-22m | 35,184,372,088,832 |
| 15 | 46 | 7.0368744×1013 | 1.13729962×10-21m | 70,368,744,177,664 |
| 15 | 47 | 1.4073748×1014 | 2.27459924×10-21m | 140,737,488,355,328 |
| 15 | 48 | 2.8147497×1014 | 4.54919848×10-21m | 281,474,976,710,656 |
| 15 | 49 | 5.6294995×1014 | 9.09839696×10-21m | 562,949,953,421,312 |
| 16 | 50 | 1.12589988×1015 | 1.81967939×10-20m | 1,125,899,906,842,624 |
| 16 | 51 | 2.25179981×1015 | 3.63935878×10-20m | 2,251,799,813,685,248 |
| 16 | 52 | 4.50359962×1015 | 7.27871756×10-20m | 4,503,599,627,370,496 |
| 17 | 53 | 9.00719925×1015 | 1.45574351×10-19m | 9,007,199,254,740,992 |
| 17 | 54 | 1.80143985×1016 | 2.91148702×10-19m | 18,014,398,509,481,984 |
| 17 | 55 | 3.60287970×1016 | 5.82297404×10-19m | 36,028,797,018,963,968 |
| 18 | 56 | 7.205759840×1016 | 1.16459481×10-18m | 72,057,594,037,927,936 |
| 18 | 57 | 1.44115188×1017 | 2.32918962×10-18m | 144,115,188,075,855,872 |
| 18 | 58 | 2.88230376×10 17 | 4.65837924×10-18m | 288,230,376,151,711,744 |
| 18 | 59 | 5.76460752×1017 | 9.31675848×10-18m | 576,460,752,303,423,488 |
| 19 | 60 | 1.15292150×1018 | 1.86335169×10-17m | 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 |
| 19 | 61 | 2.30584300×1018 | 3.72670339×10-17m | 2,305,843,009,213,693,952 |
| 19 | 62 | 4.61168601×1018 | 7.45340678×10-17m | 4,611,686,018,427,387,904 |
| 20 | 63 | 9.22337203×1018 | 1.49068136×10-16m | 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 |
| 20 | 64 | 1.84467440×1019 | 2.98136272×10-16m | 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 |
| 20 | 65 | 3.68934881×1019 | 5.96272544×10-16m | 36,893,488,147,419,103,232 |
| 21 | 66 | 7.37869762×1019 | 1.19254509×10-15m | 73,786,976,294,838,206,464 |
| 21 | 67 | 1.47573952×1020 | 2.38509018×10-15m | 147,573,952,589,676,412,928 |
| The Human Scale: Base-2 Exponential Notations from 67 to 137 Originating from the Planck Length |
| B10 B2 Primary vertices Length (in meters) Additional Information, Description, Examples: 21 67 1.47573952×1020 2.38509018×10-15m 147,573,952,589,676,412,928 21 68 2.95147905×1020 4.77018036×10-15m 295,147,905,179,352,825,856 21 69 5.90295810×1020 9.54036072×10-15m 590,295,810,358,705,651,712 22 70 1.18059162×1021 1.90807214×10-14m 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 22 71 2.36118324×1021 3.81614428×10-14m 2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 22 72 4.72236648×1021 7.63228856×10-14m 4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 23 73 9.44473296×1021 1.52645771×10-13m 9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 23 74 1.88894659×1022 3.05291542×10-13m 18,889,465,931,478,580,854,784 23 75 3.77789318×1022 6.10583084×10-13m 37,778,931,862,957,161,709,568 24 76 7.55578637×1022 1.22116617×10-12m 75,557,863,725,914,323,419,136 24 77 1.51115727×1023 2.44233234×10-12m 151,115,727,451,828,646,838,272 24 78 3.02231454×1023 4.88466468×10-12m 302,231,454,903,657,293,676,544 24 79 6.04462909×1023 9.76932936×10-12m 604,462,909,807,314,587,353,088 25 80 1.20892581×1024 1.95386587×10-11m 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 25 81 2.41785163×1024 3.90773174×10-11m 2,417,851,639,229,258,349,412,352 25 82 4.83570327×1024 7.81546348×10-11m 4,835,703,278,458,516,698,824,704 _ _ _________________ ______________________ ________________________ 26 83 9.67140655×1024 .156309264 nanometers or 1.56309264×10-10m 9,671,406,556,917,033,397,649,408 26 84 1.93428131×1025 .312618528 nanometers 19,342,813,113,834,066,795,298,816 26 85 3.86856262×1025 .625237056 nanometers 38,685,626,227,668,133,590,597,632 _ _________________ ______________________ ________________________ 27 86 7.73712524×1025 1.25047411 nanometers or or 1.25047411×10-9m 77,371,252,455,336,267,181,195,264 27 87 1.54742504×1026 2.50094822 nanometers 154,742,504,910,672,534,362,390,528 27 88 3.09485009×1026 5.00189644 nanometers 309,485,009,821,345,068,724,781,056 _ _________________ ______________________ ________________________ 28 89 6.18970019×1026 10.0037929 nanometers or 1.00037929×10-8m 618,970,019,642,690,137,449,562,112 28 90 1.23794003×1027 20.0075858 nanometers 1,237,940,039,285,380,274,899,124,224 28 91 2.47588007×1027 40.0151716 nanometers 2,475,880,078,570,760,549,798,248,448 28 92 4.95176015×1027 80.0303432 nanometers 4,951,760,157,141,521,099,596,496,896 _ _________________ ______________________ ________________________ 29 93 9.90352031×1027 160.060686 nanometers or 1.60060686×10-7m 9,903,520,314,283,042,199,192,993,792 29 94 1.98070406×1028 320.121372 nanometers 19,807,040,628,566,084,398,385,987,584 29 95 3.96140812×1028 640.242744 nanometers 39,614,081,257,132,168,796,771,975,168 _ _________________ ______________________ ________________________ 30 96 7.92281625×1028 1.28048549 microns or 1.28048549×10-6m 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336 30 97 1.58456325×1029 2.56097098 microns 158,456,325,028,528,675,187,087,900,672 30 98 3.16912662×1029 5.12194196 microns 316,912,650,057,057,350,374,175,801,344 _ _ _________________ ______________________ ________________________ 31 99 6.33825324×1029 10.2438839 microns or 1.02438839×10-5m 633,825,300,114,114,700,748,351,602,688 31 100 1.26765065×1030 20.4877678 microns 1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,376 31 101 2.53530130×1030 40.9755356 microns 2,535,301,200,456,458,802,993,406,410,752 31 102 5.07060260×1030 81.9510712 microns 5,070,602,400,912,917,605,986,812,821,504 _ _ _________________ ______________________ ________________________ 32 103 1.01412052×1031 .163902142 millimeters or 1.63902142×10-4m 10,141,204,801,825,835,211,973,625,643,008 32 104 2.02824104×1031 .327804284 millimeters 20,282,409,603,651,670,423,947,251,286,016 32 105 4.05648208×1031 .655608568 millimeters 40,564,819,207,303,340,847,894,502,572,032 _ _ _________________ ______________________ ________________________ 33 106 8.11296416×1031 1.31121714 millimeters or 1.31121714×10-3m 81,129,638,414,606,681,695,789,005,144,064 33 107 1.62259276×1032 2.62243428 millimeters 162,259,276,829,213,363,391,578,010,288,128 33 108 3.24518553×1032 5.24486856 millimeters 324,518,553,658,426,726,783,156,020,576,256 _ _________________ ______________________ ________________________ 34 109 6.49037107×1032 1.04897375 centimeters or 1.04897375×10-2m 649,037,107,316,853,453,566,312,041,152,512 34 110 1.29807421×1033 2.09794742 centimeters 1,298,074,214,633,706,907,132,624,082,305,024 34 111 2.59614842×1033 4.19589484 centimeters 2,596,148,429,267,413,814,265,248,164,610,048 34 112 5.19229685×1033 8.39178968 centimeters 5,192,296,858,534,827,628,530,496,329,220,096 ___ ___ _________________ ______________________ ________________________ 35 113 1.03845937×1034 16.7835794 centimeters or 1.67835794×10-1m 10,384,593,717,069,655,257,060,992,65844,0192 35 114 2.0769437×1034 33.5671588 centimeters 20,769,187,434,139,310,514,121,985,316,880,384 35 115 4.1538374×1034 67.1343176 centimeters 41,538,374,868,278,621,028,243,970,633,760,768 ___ ___ _________________ ______________________ _____________________ 36 116 8.3076749×1034 1.3426864 meters or 52.86 inches 83,076,749,736,557,242,056,487,941,267,521,536 36 117 1.66153499×1035 2.6853728 meters 166,153,499,473,114,484,112,975,882,535,043,072 36 118 3.32306998×1035 5.3707456 meters 332,306,998,946,228,968,225,951,765,070,086,144 ___ ___ _________________ ______________________ _____________________ 37 119 6.64613997×1035 10.7414912 meters 664,613,997,892,457,936,451,903,530,140,172,288 37 120 1.32922799×1036 21.4829824 meters 1,329,227,995,784,915,872,903,807,060,280,344,576 37 121 2.65845599×1036 42.9659648 meters 2,658,455,991,569,831,745,807,614,120,560,689,152 37 122 5.31691198×1036 85.9319296 meters 5,316,911,983,139,663,491,615,228,241,121,378,304 38 123 1.06338239×1037 171.86386 meters 10,633,823,966,279,326,983,230,456,482,242,756,608 38 124 2.12676479×1037 343.72772 meters 21,267,647,932,558,653,966,460,912,964,485,513,216 38 125 4.25352958×1037 687.455439 meters 42,535,295,865,117,307,932,921,825,928,971,026,432 39 126 8.50705917×1037 1.37491087 kilometers 85,070,591,730,234,615,865,843,651,857,942,052,864 39 127 1.70141183×1038 2.74982174 kilometers 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,728 39 128 3.40282366×1038 5.49964348 kilometers 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 40 129 6.04462936×1038 10.999287 kilometers 680,564,733,841,876,926,926,749,214,863,536,422,912 40 130 1.36112946×1039 21.998574 kilometers 1,361,129,467,683,753,853,853,498,429,727,072,845,824 40 131 2.72225893×1039 43.997148 kilometers 2,722,258,935,367,507,707,706,996,859,454,145,691,648 40 132 5.44451787×1039 87.994296 kilometers 5,444,517,870,735,015,415,413,993,718,908,291,383,296 41 133 1.08890357×1040 175.988592 kilometers 10,889,035,741,470,030,830,827,987,437,816,582,766,592 41 134 2.17780714×1040 351.977184 kilometers 21,778,071,482,940,061,661,655,974,875,633,165,33184 41 135 4.355614296×1040 703.954368 kilometers 43,556,142,965,880,123,323,311,949,751,266,331,066,368 42 136 8.711228593×1040 1407.90874 kilometers 87,112,285,931,760,246,646,623,899,502,532,662,132,736 42 137 1.742245718×1041 2815.81748 kilometers 174,224,571,863,520,493,293,247,799,005,065,324,265,472 |
| The Large-Scale universe: Base-2 Exponential Notations from 137 to 205 originating from the Planck length |
| B10 B2 Number of points Length (in meters) Additional Information, Description, Examples: 41 134 2.17780714×1040 351.977184 kilometers 21,778,071,482,940,061,661,655,974,875,633,165,33184 41 135 4.355614296×1040 703.954368 kilometers 43,556,142,965,880,123,323,311,949,751,266,331,066,368 42 136 8.711228593×1040 1407.90874 kilometers 87,112,285,931,760,246,646,623,899,502,532,662,132,736 42 137 1.742245718×1041 2815.81748 kilometers 174,224,571,863,520,493,293,247,799,005,065,324,265,472 42 138 3.484491437×1041 5631.63496 kilometers 348,449,143,727,040,986,586,495,598,010,130,648,530,944 43 139 6.18970044×1041 11,263.2699 kilometers 696,898,287,454,081,973,172,991,196,020,261,297,061,888 43 140 1.23794009×1042 22,526.5398 kilometers 1,393,796,574,908,163,946,345,982,392,040,522,594,123,776 43 141 2.47588018×1042 45 053.079 kilometers 2,787,593,149,816,327,892,691,964,784,081,045,188,247,552 43 142 4.95176036×1042 90 106.158 kilometers 5,575,186,299,632,655,785,383,929,568,162,090,376,495,104 44 143 1.11503726×1043 180,212.316 kilometers 11,150,372,599,265,311,570,767,859,136,324,180,752,990,208 44 144 2.23007451×1043 360,424.632 kilometers 22,300,745,198,530,623,141,535,718,272,648,361,505,980,416 44 145 4.46014903×1043 720,849.264 kilometers 44,601,490,397,061,246,283,071,436,545,296,723,011,960,832 45 146 8.9202980×1043 1,441,698.55 kilometers 89,202,980,794,122,492,566,142,873,090,593,446,023,921,664 45 147 1.78405961×1044 2,883,397.1 kilometers 178,405,961,588,244,985,132,285,746,181,186,892,047,843,328 45 148 3.56811923×1044 5,766,794.2 kilometers 356811923176489970264571492362373784095686656 46 149 7.13623846×1044 11,533,588.4 kilometers 713623846352979940529142984724747568191373312 46 150 1.42724769×1045 23,067,176.8 kilometers 1427247692705959881058285969449495136382746624 46 151 2.85449538×1045 46,134,353.6 kilometers 2,854,495,385,411,919,762,116,571,938,898,990,272,765,493,248 46 152 5.70899077×1045 92,268,707.1 kilometers 5708990770823839524233143877797980545530986496 47 153 1.14179815×1046 184,537,414 kilometers 11417981541647679048466287755595961091061972992 47 154 2.28359638×1046 369,074,829 kilometers 22835963083295358096932575511191922182123945984 47 155 4.56719261×1046 738,149,657 kilometers 45671926166590716193865151022383844364247891968 48 156 9.13438523×1046 1.47629931×1012 meters 91343852333181432387730302044767688728495783936 48 157 1.826877046×1047 2.95259863×1012 meters 182687704666362864775460604089535377456991567872 48 158 3.653754093×1047 5.90519726×1012 meters 365375409332725729550921208179070754913983135744 49 159 7.307508186×1047 1.18103945×1013 meters 730750818665451459101842416358141509827966271488 49 160 1.461501637×1048 2.36207882 ×1013m 1461501637330902918203684832716283019655932542976 49 161 2.923003274×1048 4.72415764 ×1013m 2923003274661805836407369665432566039311865085952 49 162 5.846006549×1048 9.44831528 ×1013m 5846006549323611672814739330865132078623730171904 50 163 1.16920130×1049 1.88966306×1014m 11692013098647223345629478661730264157247460343808 50 164 2.33840261×1049 3.77932612×1014m 23384026197294446691258957323460528314494920687616 50 165 4.67680523×1049 7.55865224×1014m 46768052394588893382517914646921056628989841375232 51 166 9.35361047×1049 1.5117305×1015m 93536104789177786765035829293842113257979682750464 51 167 1.87072209×1050 3.0234609×1015m 187072209578355573530071658587684226515959365500928 51 168 3.74144419×1050 6.0469218×1015m 374144419156711147060143317175368453031918731001856 52 169 7.48288838×1050 1.20938436×1016m 748288838313422294120286634350736906063837462003712 52 170 1.49657767×1051 2.41876872×1016m 1496577676626844588240573268701473812127674924007424 52 171 2.99315535×1051 4.83753744 ×1016m 2993155353253689176481146537402947624255349848014848 52 172 5.98631070×1051 9.67507488 ×1016m 5986310706507378352962293074805895248510699696029696 53 173 1.19726214×1052 1.93501504 ×1017m 11972621413014756705924586149611790497021399392059392 53 174 2.39452428×1052 3.87002996 ×1017m 23945242826029513411849172299223580994042798784118784 53 175 4.78904856×1052 7.74005992 ×1017m 47890485652059026823698344598447161988085597568237568 54 176 9.57809713×1052 1.54801198×1018m 95780971304118053647396689196894323976171195136475136 54 177 1.91561942×1053 3.09602396×1018m 191561942608236107294793378393788647952342390272950272 54 178 3.83123885×1053 6.19204792×1018m 383123885216472214589586756787577295904684780545900544 55 179 7.66247770×1053 1.23840958×1019m 766247770432944429179173513575154591809369561091801088 55 180 1.53249554×1054 2.47681916×1019m 1532495540865888858358347027150309183618739122183602176 55 181 3.06499108×1054 4.95363832×1019m 3064991081731777716716694054300618367237478244367204352 55 182 6.12998216×1054 9.90727664×1019m 6129982163463555433433388108601236734474956488734408704 56 183 1.22599643×1055 1.981455338×1020m 12259964326927110866866776217202473468949912977468817408 56 184 2.45199286×1055 3.96291068×1020m 24519928653854221733733552434404946937899825954937634816 56 185 4.90398573×1055 7.92582136×1020m 49039857307708443467467104868809893875799651909875269632 57 186 9.80797146×1055 1.58516432×1021m 98079714615416886934934209737619787751599303819750539264 57 187 1.96159429×1056 3.17032864×1021m 196159429230833773869868419475239575503198607639501078528 57 188 3.92318858×1056 6.34065727 ×1021m 392318858461667547739736838950479151006397215279002157056 58 189 7.84637716×1056 1.26813145 ×1022m 784637716923335095479473677900958302012794430558004314112 58 190 1.56927543×1057 2.53626284×1022m 1569275433846670190958947355801916604025588861116008628224 58 191 3.13855086×1057 5.07252568×1022m 3138550867693340381917894711603833208051177722232017256448 59 192 6.27710173×1057 1.01450514×1023m 6277101735386680763835789423207666416102355444464034512896 59 193 1.25542034×1058 2.02901033×1023m 12554203470773361527671578846415332832204710888928069025792 59 194 2.51084069×1058 4.05802056×1023m 25108406941546723055343157692830665664409421777856138051584 59 195 5.02168138×1058 8.11604112×1023m 50216813883093446110686315385661331328818843555712276103168 60 196 1.00433628×1059 1.62320822×1024m 100433627766186892221372630771322662657637687111424552206336 60 197 2.0086725×1059 3.24641644×1024m 200867255532373784442745261542645325315275374222849104412672 60 198 4.01734511×1059 6.49283305×1024m 401734511064747568885490523085290650630550748445698208825344 61 199 8.03469022×1059 1.29856658×1025m 803469022129495137770981046170581301261101496891396417650688 61 200 1.60693804×1060 2.59713316×1025m 1606938044258990275541962092341162602522202993782792835301376 61 201 3.21387608×1060 5.19426632×1025m 3213876088517980551083924184682325205044405987565585670602752 _________________ ______________________ _____________________________________________ 61 202 6.42775217×1060 1.03885326×1026 meters 6427752177035961102167848369364650410088811975131171341205504 62 203 1.28555043×1061 2.07770658×1026 meters 12855504354071922204335696738729300820177623950262342682411008 62 204 2.57110087×1061 4.15541315×1026 meters 25711008708143844408671393477458601640355247900524685364822016 62 205 5.14220174×1061 8.31082608×1026 meters 51422017416287688817342786954917203280710495801049370729644032 |
First published in March 2012, Revisited and refined on 29 February 2024.