The four base units: Planck Length, Planck Time, Planck Mass and Planck Charge need to be studied and analyzed as carefully as possible. Perhaps most important is the Planck constant because it is involved in defining all four.
Planck Length. In 2011 my journey with Max Planck began in earnest through the Planck Length. Ultimately, it did not much matter what Max Planck’s calculation was for Planck Length, it was so small and we were so close to it, our system of going within using the tetrahedron and octahedron was more important than the actual numbers when our goal was just to get into the range of 10-35 meters.
Planck Constant. Fundamentally defining all four Planck units, the Planck Constant would appear pivotal to the entire system and our understanding of our base-2 mapping. In 2016 our base-2 numbers were placed on a horizontally-scrolled grid. Where Planck Length and Planck Time were most infinitesimal, Planck Mass and Planck Charge were larger than some current measurements of both.
Please note: There is a tension within academia about the usefulness of the Planck Constant. Particularly the work of John P. Ralston of University of Kansas and Espen Gaarder Haug of Oslo’s MNBU have been our focus (2023).
- Frank Wilczek
- Thanu Padmanabhan
- Peter J. Mohr and W.D. Phillips (“Dimensionless Units in the SI”, Metrologia, 52 40–47 ArXiv, 2015) Also, see our communications with Mohr.
- John P. Ralston, Dennis Sivers, Properties of a classical confining medium in SU2 gluon dynamics, Phys. Rev. D 28, 953 (15 August 1983)
- Espen Gaarder Haug. Finding the Planck length multiplied by the speed of light without any knowledge of G, c, or h, using a Newton force spring. Journal Physics Communication, 4:075001, 2020a. URL https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/ab9dd7
Also see:
Universe before Planck time (PDF), T. Padmanabhan, Phys. Rev. D 28, 756, August 1983
Pattern of perturbations from a coherent quantum inflationary horizon
“It is proposed that if quantum states of space-time are coherent on null surfaces, holographic Planck-scale fluctuations of inflationary horizons dominate the formation of primordial scalar curvature perturbations. It is shown that the reduction of quantum states on nearly-spherical emergent horizon surfaces around each observer creates a distinctive pattern whose correlations in the angular domain differ from the standard quantum theory of inflation. Causal constraints are used in a semiclassical model to formulate candidate directional symmetries.” (PDF) Hogan
From not so long ago…
“But what was there in the beginning?
A physical law, mathematics, symmetry?
In the beginning was symmetry!”
— Werner Heisenberg
Comment: Werner didn’t go quite far enough! In the beginning was continuity, symmetry and harmony, perfections of pi-phi-the square root of 2-Euler’s constant and the primary facets of infinity and structured dynamics of the hexagonal faces of the octahedron at the finite-infinite bridge. -BEC (February 2026)
Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations (Harper & Row, New York, 1971) p. 133